Singular forms of other: another vs. the other

Another
(a) There is a large bowl of apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one apple. If he is still hungry after that, he can eat another apple. There are many apples to choose from.
Another means “one more out of group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.”
Another is combination of an + other, written as one word.
The other
(b) There are two apples on the table. Paul is going to eat one of them. Sara is going to eat the other apple.
The other means “the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a given number of similar items.”
(c) Paul ate one apple then he ate (another apple, another one, another)
(d) Paul ate one apple. Sara ate (the other apple, the other one, the other)
Another and the other can be used as adjective in front of a nun (e.g., apple) or in front of the word one.
Another and the other can also be used alone as pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns

Myself (a) I saw myself in the mirror
Yourself (b) you (one person) saw yourself
Herself (c) she saw herself
Himself (d) he saw himself
Itself (e) it (e.g., the kitchen) saw itself
Ourselves (f) we saw ourselves
Yourselves (g) you (plural) saw yourselves
Themselves (h) they saw themselves
Reflexive pronouns end in –self/-selves. They are used when the subject (e.g., I) and the object (e.g., myself) are the same person. The action of the verb is pointed back to the subject of the sentence, incorrect: I saw me in the mirror.
(i) Greg lives by himself
(j) I sat by myself on the park bench
By + reflexive pronoun = alone. In (i): Greg lives alone, without family or roommates
(k) I enjoyed myself at the fair
Enjoy and a few other verbs are commonly followed by a reflexive pronoun. See the list below.
Common Expressions with Reflexive Pronouns.
Believe in yourself, Blame yourself, Cut yourself, Enjoy yourself, Feel sorry for yourself, Help yourself, Hurt yourself, Give yourself (something), Introduce yourself, Kill yourself, Pinch yourself, Be proud of yourself, Takeoff yourself, Talk to yourself, Teach yourself, Tell yourself, Work for , ourself, Wish yourself (luck)

Possessive pronoun and adjectives

This pen belongs to me
(a) It’s mine
(b) It is my pen
(a) And (b) have the same meaning: they both show possession. Mine is possessive pronoun; my is a possessive adjective.
     Possessive pronoun      Possessive adjective
(c) I have mine.                  I have my pen
(d) You have yours.            You have your pen
(e) She has hers.                  She has her pen
(f) He has his.                      He has his pen
(g) We have ours.                We have our pen
(h) They have theirs.             They have their pens
(i)                                       I have a book. Its cover is black.
A possessive pronoun is used alone, without a noun following it
A possessive adjective is used only with a noun following it:
Incorrect: I have mine pen
Incorrect: I have my
Compare its vs. it’s
(j) Sue gave me a book. I don’t remember its title
(k) Sue gave me a book. It’s a novel
In (j): its (NO apostrophe) is a possessive adjective modifying the noun title
In (k): it’s (with an apostrophe) is a contraction of it + is.
Compare their vs. there vs., they’re
(l) The students have their books
(m) My books are over there
(n) Where are the students? They’re in the class
Their, there, they’re have the same pronunciation, but not the same meaning.
Their = possessive adjective, as in (l)
There = an expression of place, as in (m)
They’re = they are, as in (n)

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Possessive nouns

Personal Pronoun:
Subject pronoun: I    we    you   they   he she   it
Object pronoun: me   us   you    them him her it
(a) Kate is married. She has two children
(b) Kate is my friend. I know her well
(c) Mikehas a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.
A pronoun refers to a noun.
In (a): she is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
In (b): her is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
She is a subject pronoun, her is an object pronoun.
(d) Eric and I are good friends.
(e) Ann met Eric and me at the museum
(f) Ann walked between Eric and me
Guidelines for using pronouns following and: if the pronoun is used a part of the subject, use a subject pronoun as in (d). If it part of the object, use an object pronoun, as in (e) and (f).
Incorrect: Eric and me are good friends
Incorrect: Ann met Eric and I at the museum.
Singular pronoun: I   me   you   he, she, it       him, her
Plural pronoun:    we us   you      they                them
(g) Mike is in class. He is taking a test
(h) The students are in class. They are taking a test.
(i) Kate and Tom married. They have two children.
Singular = one. Plural= more than one. Singular pronouns refer to singular nouns, plural pronouns to plural nouns, as in the examples.

Personal pronouns: subjects and objects

Personal Pronoun:
Subject pronoun: I    we    you   they   he she   it
Object pronoun: me   us   you    them him her it
(a) Kate is married. She has two children
(b) Kate is my friend. I know her well
(c) Mikehas a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.
A pronoun refers to a noun.
In (a): she is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
In (b): her is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
She is a subject pronoun, her is an object pronoun.
(d) Eric and I are good friends.
(e) Ann met Eric and me at the museum
(f) Ann walked between Eric and me
Guidelines for using pronouns following and: if the pronoun is used a part of the subject, use a subject pronoun as in (d). If it part of the object, use an object pronoun, as in (e) and (f).
Incorrect: Eric and me are good friends
Incorrect: Ann met Eric and I at the museum.
Singular pronoun: I   me   you   he, she, it       him, her
Plural pronoun:    we us   you      they                them
(g) Mike is in class. He is taking a test
(h) The students are in class. They are taking a test.
(i) Kate and Tom married. They have two children.
Singular = one. Plural= more than one. Singular pronouns refer to singular nouns, plural pronouns to plural nouns, as in the examples.

Using nouns as adjectives

(a) I have a flower garden
(b) The shoe store also sells socks
(c) Incorrect: a flower garden
(d) Incorrect: the shoes store
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives. For example, flower is usually a noun, but in (a) it is used as an adjective to modify garden. When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Using adjectives to describe nouns

                             ADJ      NOUN
(a) Bob is reading a good book.
Words that describe noun are called adjectives. In (a): good is an adjective, it describes the book.
(b) The tall woman wore a new dress
(c) The short women wore an old dress.
(d) The young women wore a short dress.
We say that adjectives “modify” nouns. “Modify” means “change a little”. An adjective changes the meaning of a noun by giving more information about it.
(e) Roses are beautiful flower
Incorrect: roses are beautifuls flower.
Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. They do not have a plural form.
(f) He wore a white shirt
Incorrect: he wore a shirt white.
(g) Roses are beautiful
(h) His shirt was white
Adjectives usually come immediately before nouns, as in (f).
Adjectives can also follow main verb be, as in (g) and (h)

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Subject-verb agreement

    Singular     Singular
(a) The sun   shines
  Plural     Plural
(b) Birds sing
A singular subject takes a singular verb, as in (a). A plural subject takes a plural verb, as in (b).
Notice: verb+ -s = singular (shines)
Noun + -s = plural (birds)
       Singular           Singular
(c) My brother lives in Jakarta
                  Plural                      Plural
(d) My brother and sister live in Jakarta
Two subjects connected by and take a plural verb, as in (d)
(e) The glasses over there under the window by the sink are clean
(f) The information in those magazines about Vietnamese culture and custom is very interesting
Sometimes phrases come between a subject and a verb. These phrases do not affect the agreement of the subject and verb.
          V             S
(g) There is a book on the desk
           V                      S
(h) There are some books on the desk
There + be + subject expresses that something exist in a particular place. The verb agrees with a noun that follows be.
(i) Every student is sitting down
(j) Everybody/everyone hopes for peace
Every is singular word. It is used with a singular, not plural, noun.
Incorrect: every students…..
Subjects with every takes singular verb, as in (i) and (j)
(k) People in my country are friendly.
People is a plural noun and takes a plural verb.

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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Word oredr: place and time

         S      V     Place         Time
(a) Ann moved to Paris in 1998
    We went to a movie yesterday.
      S      V         O         P           T
(b) We bought a house in Miami in 1995
In typical English sentence, “place” comes before “time”, as in (a).
Incorrect: Ann moved in 1998 to Paris
S-V-O-P-T = Subject-Verb-Object-Place-Time
S-V-O-P-T = a Basic English structure
      Time      S      V       Place
(c) In 1998, Ann moved to Paris
(d) Yesterday we went to a movie
Expressions of time can also come at the beginning of a sentence, as in (c) and (d). A time phrase at the beginning of the sentence is often followed by a comma, as in (c).

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Prepositions of time

  IN
(a) Please be on time in the future
(b) I usually watch TV in the evening
(c) I was born in October
(d) I was born in 1985
(e) I was born in the twentieth century.
(f) The weather is hot in (the) summer.
In + the past, the present, the future.
In + the morning, the afternoon, the evening
In + (a month, a year, a century, a season)
ON
(g) I was born on October 31, 1985
(h) I went to a movie on Thursday
(i) I have class on Thursday morning(s).
On + date
On + a weekday
On + a weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
AT
(j) We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight.
(k) I fell asleep at 9:30 (nine-thirty)
(l) He’s busy at present. Please call again.
At + noon, night, midnight
At + “clock time”
At + present, the moment, the present time.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Obejects of prepositions

        S    V          O   prep    O of prep
(a) Ann put her books on the desk
                                            (Noun)
      S       V prep          O of prep
(b) a leaf fell to the ground.
                             (Noun)
Many English sentences have prepositional phrases. In (a): on the desk is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a Preposition (prep) and an Object of a Preposition (O of Object).  is a noun. The Object of a Preposition is a NOUN.
Reference List of Prepositions:
About, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at
Before, behind. Below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by
Despite, down, during,
For, from
In, into
Like, near,
Of, off, on, out, over
Since,
Through, throughout, till, to, toward(s)
Under, until, up, upon
With, within, without.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Subjects, verbs, and objects

           S      V
(a) The sun shines
        (Noun)  (Verb)
          S      V
(b) Plants grow
      (Noun) (Verb)
An English sentence has a Subject (s) and Verb (v). The Subject is a noun. In (a): sun is a noun; it is the subject of the verb shines.
         S        V         O
(c) Plants need water
    (Noun)  (Verb)    (Noun)
       S          V          O
(d) Bob is reading a book.
      (Noun)   (Verb)       (Noun)
Sometimes a verb is followed by an Object (O). The Object of a verb is a noun. In (c): water is the object of the verb need.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Plural forms of nouns

(a) Singular: one bird, one street, one rose
Plural: two birds, two streets, two roses
To make most nouns plural, add -s
(b) Singular: one dish, one match, one class, one box
Plural: two dishes, two matches, two classes, two boxes
Add -es to nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -x
(c) Singular: one baby, one city
Plural: two babies, two cities
(d) Singular: one toy, one key
Plural: two toys, two keys
If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the y to i and add -es, as in ( c)
If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only -s, as in (d).
(e)  Singular: one knife, one shelf
Plural: two knives, two shelves
(f) Singular: one tomato, one zoo, one zero
Plural: two tomatoes, two zoos, two zeros/zeroes
The plural of nouns that end in  -o is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
-oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes
-os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, phoyos, autos, videos.
-oes or -es: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadors/tornados, mosquitoes/mosquotos
(g) Singular: one child, one foot, one goose, one man, one mouse, one tooth, one woman
Plural: two children, two feet, two geese, two men, two mice, two teeth, two women, two people
Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (note: the singular form of people can be person, woman, man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people)
(h) Singular: one deer, one fish, one sheep, one offspring, one specirs
Plural: two deer, two fish, two sheep, two offspring, two species
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
(i) Singular: one  bacterium, one cactus, one crises, one phenomena
Plural: two bacteria, two cacti, two crises, two phenomena.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other language have foreign plurals.

Tag questions

Affirmative
(a) You know Bob Wilson
(b) Marie is from Paris
(c) Jerry can play the piano
Negative
(d) You don’t know jack smith
(e) Marie isn’t from Athens
(f) Jerry can’t speech Arabic
Negative
Don’t you?
Isn’t she?
Can’t he?
Affirmative
Do you?
Is she?
Can he?
A tag question is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence. An auxiliary verb is used in a tag question.
When the main verb is affirmative, the tag question is negative.
When the main verb is negative, the tag question is affirmative.
 In using tag question, a speaker gives his idea while asking a question at the same time. In (g) and (h) below: I (the speaker) use a tag question because I expect you (the listener) to tell me that my information or my idea is correct. As with other kinds of questions, a speaker usually uses a rising intonation at the end of a tag question.
(g) I think that you know bob Wilson (The speaker’s idea)
You know bob Wilson, don\t you? (The speaker’s question)
Yes, I do (Expected answer)
(h) I think that you don’t know jack smith (The speaker’s idea)
You don’t know jack smith, do you? (The speaker’s question)
No, I don’t (Expected answer)
Compare
(i) A: Do you know Tom Lea? (a yes no/no question)
B: Yes, I do Or No, I don’t
(j) A: You know tom lea don’t you? (a tag question)
B: Yes, I do.
In (i): The speaker has no idea. The speaker is simply looking for information.
In (j): The speaker believe that the listener knows tom lee. The speaker wants to make sure that his idea is correct.

Aksing Question Using how about and what about

(a) A: We need one more player
B: How about (what about) jack? Let’s ask him if he wants to play?
(b) A: What time should we meet?
B: How about(what about) three o’clock?
How about and what about have the same meaning and usage. They are used to make suggestions or offers. How about and what about are followed by a noun (or pronoun) or the –ing form of a verb
Note: How about and what about are frequently used in informal spoken English, but are usually not used in writing.
(e) A: I’m tired. How about you?
B: Yes, I’m tired too
(f) A: Are you hungry?
B: No. What about you?
C: I’m a little hungry
How about you? And What about you? Are used to ask a question that refers to the information or question that immediately preceded it. In (e): How about you? = Are you tired? In (f): What about you?= Are you hungry?

Asking Question - More questions with how

(a) How do you spell “coming”? C-O-M-I-N-G
(b) How do you say “yes” in Japanese? Hai
(c) How do you say/pronounce this word?
To Answer (a): spell the word
To answer (b): say the word
To answer (c): pronounce the word
(d) How are you getting along?
(e) How are you doing?
(f) How’s it going?
(Great, fine, okay, so-so)
In (d), (e), and (f): how is your life? Is your life okay? Do you have any problem?
Note: (f) is also used in greetings: Hi, Bob. How’s going?
(g) How do you feel?
How are you feeling?
(Terrific, wonderful, great, fine, okay, so-so, a bit under the weather, not so good, terrible/lousy/awful)
The question in (g) asks about health or about general emotional state.
 (h) How do you do? How do you do?
How do you do? Is used to by both speakers when they are introduced to each other in a somewhat formal situation.

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Asking Question - Length of time: it + take and how long

IT + TAKE + (SOMEONE) + LENGTH OF TIME + INFINITIVE
(a) It takes 20 minutes to cook rice
(b) It took Al two hours to drive to work.
It + take is often used with time words and infinitive to express length of time, as in (a) and (b).  an infinitive = to + the simple form of a verb. In (a): to cook is an infinitive
(c) How long does it take to cook rice? 20 minutes
(d) How long did it take al to drive to work today? Two hours
(e) How long did you study last night? Four hours
(f) How long will you be in Hong Kong? Ten days
How long asks about length of time.
(g) How many days will you be in Hong Kong?
Other ways of asking how long:
How many + (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years.)

ASKING QUESTIONS - Using how far

(a) It is 289 miles from St. Louis to Chicago
(b) It is 289 miles (from St. Louis to Chicago, from Chicago to St, Louis, to Chicago from St, Louis, to St. Louis from Chicago)
The most common way of expressing distance It is + distance + from/ to + to/from
In (b): All four expressions with from and to have the same meaning.
(c) A: How far is it from St, Louis to Chicago?
B: 289 miles
(d) A: How far do you live from school?
B: Four blocks
How far is used to ask question about distance
(e) How many miles is it from st. Louis to Chicago?
(f) How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here?
(g) How many blocks is it to the post office?
Other ways to ask how far: how many miles, how many kilo meters, how many blocks

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ASKING QUESTIONS - Using how often

(a) How often do you go shopping? Everyday, once a week, about twice a week, every other day or so, three time a month.
How often ask about frequently
(b) How many time a day do you eat? Three or four
How many times a week do you go shopping? Two
How many times a month do you go to the post office? Once
How many times a year do you take a vacation? Once or twice
Other ways of asking how often: how many time (a day, a week, a month, a year)

ASKING QUESTIONS - Using how

(a) How did you get here?
I drove/By car
I took a taxi/ By taxi
I took a bus/ By bus
I flew/By plane
I took a train/ By train
I walked/On foot
How has many uses. One use of how is to ask about means (ways) of transportation.
(b) How old are you? Twenty-one
(c) How tall is he? About six feet
(d) How big is your apartment? It has three rooms
(e) How sleepy are you? Very sleepy
(f) How hungry are you? I’m starving
(g) How soon will you be ready? In five minutes
(h) How well he does speak English? Very well
(i) How quickly can you get here? I can get there in 30 minutes.
How is often used with adjective (e.g., old, big) and adverb (e.g., well, quickly)
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ASKING QUESTIONS - Using whose

(a) Whose (book) is this? It’s john’s book
(b) Whose (books) are those? They’re mine (or my book)
(c) Whose car did you borrow? I borrowed Karen’s (car)
Whose asks about possession.  Notice in (a): The speaker of the question may omit the noun (book) if the meaning is clear to the listener
Compare
(d) Who’s that? Mary smith
(e) Whose is that? Mary’s
Who’s and whose have the same pronunciation
Who’s = a contraction of who is
Whose = ask about possession

ASKING QUESTIONS - Using which

(a) Tom: May I borrow a pen from you?
Ann: Sure. I have two pens. This pen has black ink. That pen has red ink.
Which pen do you want? Or Which one do you want? Or Which do you want?
(b) Sue: I like these earrings, and I like those, too.
Bob: Which (earring/ones) are you going to buy?
Sue: I think I’ll get this
In (a): Ann use which (not what) because she wants tom to choose. Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make choice, when the speaker is offering alternative: this one or that one, these or those
Which can be used with either singular or plural nouns.
(c) Jim: Hare’s a photo of my daughter’s class
Kim: Very nice. Which one is your daughter?
Which can be used to ask about people as well as things.
(d) Sue: My aunt gave me some money for my birthday. I’m going to take it with me to the mall.
Bob: What are you going to buy with it?
 Sue: I haven’t decided yet.
In (d): The question doesn’t involve choosing from a particular group of items, so Bob use what, not which.

ASKING QUESTIONS - Using what kind of

(a) What kind of shoes did you buy?
Boots, sandals, tennis shoes, loafers, running shoes, high heels etc.
What kind of ask for information about a specific type ( a specific kind) in a general category.
In (a): general category: shoes
Specific category: boots, sandals, tennis shoes etc.
(b) What kind of fruit do you like best?
Apples, bananas, oranges, grapefruits, grape, strawberries etc.
In (b): general category: fruit
Specific category: apples, bananas, orange etc.

Using what + a form of do

(a) What does bob do every morning? He goes to class
(b) What did you do everyday? I went downtown
(c) What is Anna doing (right now)? She’s studying
(d) What are you going to do tomorrow? I’m going to go to the beach
(e) What do you want to do tonight? I want to go to a movie
(f) What would you like to do tomorrow? I would like to visit Jim
(g) What will you do tomorrow? I’ll go downtown
(h) What should I do about my headache? You should take an aspirin
What + a form of do is used to ask question about activities. Examples of forms of do: am doing, will do, are going to do, did etc.

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Spoken and written contractions with question words

Is
(a) “When’s he coming?” “Why’s she late?”  (Spoken only)
Are
(b) “What’re these?” “Who’re they?” (Spoken only)
Did
(c) “Who’d you see?” “What’d you do?” (Spoken only)
Will
(d) “Where’ll you be?” “When’ll they be here?” (Spoken only)
Is, are, did and w ill are usually contracted with question words in speaking. These contractions are usually NOT written.
Is
(e) “Where’s Ed?” “What’s that?” “Who’s he?” (Spoken)
(f) “Where’s Ed?” “What’s that?” “Who’s he?”(Written)
Only contraction with is and where, what or who are commonly used in writing

Questions with who, who(m), and what

(a) Who came? Someone came
(b) Who (m) did you see? I saw someone
In (a): Who is used as the subject (S) of a question
In (b): Who (m) is used as the object (O) in a question
Whom is used in formal English. In everyday spoken English, who is usually used instead of whom:
Formal: Whom did you see?
Informal: Who did you see?
(c) What happened? Something happened
(d) What did you see? I was something
What can be used as either the subject or the object in a question.
Notice in (a) and (c): when who or what is used as the subject of a question, usual question word order is not used; no form of do is used:
Correct: Who came?
Incorrect: Who did come?
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Where, when, why, and what time

(a) Where did you go? Paris
(b) Why did you stay home? Because I didn’t feel well
(c) What time did he come? Seven-thirty, around five o’clock, a quarter past ten
(d) What did he come? Seven- thirty, Last night, Two days ago, Monday morning, In 1998
Where ask about place
Why ask about reason
A question with what time asks about time in a clock.
A question with when can be answered by any time expression, as in the sample answer in (d)

Yes/no questions and information questions

 A yes/no question = a question that can be answered by “yes” or “no”
A: Does Ann live in Montreal?
B: Yes, she does.  Or she doesn’t
An information question = a question that ask for information by using a question word: where, when, why, who, whom, what, which, whose, how. 
A: Where does Ann live?
B: In Montreal?

(Question Word)	Helping Verb	Subject	Main verb	(Rest Of Sentence)	The subject-verb word order is used in both yes/no and information questions. Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb. (a) is a yes/no question (b) is an information question
(a)	Does	Ann	Live	In Montreal?
(b) where	Does	Ann	Live?
(c)	Is	Sara	Studying	At the library?
(d) where	Is	Sara	Studying?
(e)	Will	You	Graduate	Next year?	In (i) and (j): main verb be in simple present and simple past (Am. Is. Are, was, were)precedes the subject. It has the same position as a helping verb.
(f) when	Will	You	Graduate?
(g)	Did	They	See	Jack?
(h) when	Did	They	See?
(i)	Is	Heidi
(j) where	Is	Heidi
(k)		who	Came	To dinner?	When the question word (e.g., who or what) is the subject of the question, usual question word order is not used. No form of do is used. Notice (k)and (l).
(l)		what	happened	Yesterday?

Yes/no questions and short answers

(a). Do you like tea?
Yes, I do (I like tea)
No, I don’t (I don’t like tea)
(b) Did sue call?
Yes, she did (sue called)
No, she didn’t (sue didn’t call)
(c)  Have you met Ali?
Yes, I have (I have met Al)
No, I haven't ( I haven't met Al)
(d) Is it raining?
Yed, it is (It's raining)
No, it isn't (it isn't raining)
(e) Will Rob be here?
Yes, he will (rob will be here)
No, he won't (Rob won't  be here)
A yes/no question is a question that can be answered by yes or no.
In affirmative short answer (yes), a helping verb is not contracted with the subject,
In (c): Incorrect : yes i've
In (d): Incorrect: yes, it's
In (e): Incorrect: yes, he'll
The spoken emphasis in a short answer is on the verb.

Past perfect

Situation: Jack left his apartment at 2:00. Ann arrived at his apartment at 2:15 and knocked on the door.
(a) When Ann arrived, Jack wasn’t there. He had left.
The Past Perfect is used when the speaker is talking about two different events at two different time in the past; one event ends before the second event happens.
In (a): There are two events, and both happened in the past: Jack left his apartment. Ann arrived at the apartment. To show the time relationship between the two events, we use the past perfect (had left) to say that the first event (Jack leaving his apartment) was completed before the second event  (Ann arriving at this apartment) occurred.
(b) Jack had left his apartment when Ann arrived.
Form: had + past participle
(c) He’d left. I’d left. They’d left etc.
Contraction: They/We/I/Yoy/He/She/It +’d
Compare The Present And The Past Perfect
(d) I am not hungry now. I have already eaten
The Present Perfect expresses an activity that occurred before now, at an unspecified time in the past, as in (d)
(e) I was not hungry at 1:00 P.M. I had already eaten
The Past Perfect expresses an activity that occurred before another time in the past.
In (e): I ate at noon. I was not hungry at 1:00 P.M, because I had already eaten before 1:00 P.M
Compare The Past Progressive And The Past Perfect
(f) I was eating when bob came
The Past Progressive expresses an activity that was in progress at a particular time in the past.
In (f): I began eat at noon. Bob came at 12:10. My meal was in progress when Bob came.
(g) I had eaten when Bob came
The Past Perfect expresses an activity that completed before a particular time in the past.
In (g): I finished eating at noon. Bob came at 1:00 P.M. my meal was completed before Bob came.

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Using already, yet, still, and anymore

Already
(a) The mail came an hour ago. The mail is already here
Idea of already: Something happened before now, before this time.
Position: midsentence
Yet
(b) I expected the mail an hour ago, but it hasn’t come yet
Idea of yet: Something did not happen before now (up to this time), but it may happen in the future.
Position: end of sentence
Still
(c) It was cold yesterday. It is still cold today. We still need to wear coats.
(d) I could play the piano when I was a child. I can still play the piano.
(e) The mail didn’t come an hour ago. The mail still hasn’t come.
Idea of still: A situation continues to exist from past to present without change
Position: midsentence
Anymore
(f) I lived in Chicago two years ago, but then I moved to another city. I don’t live in Chicago anymore
Idea of anymore: A past situation does not continue to exist at present, a past situation has changed. Anymore has the same meaning as any longer
Position: end of sentence
Note:
Already is used in affirmative sentence
Yet and anymore are used in negative sentence
Still is used in either affirmative or negative sentence.
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