Possessive pronoun and adjectives

This pen belongs to me
(a) It’s mine
(b) It is my pen
(a) And (b) have the same meaning: they both show possession. Mine is possessive pronoun; my is a possessive adjective.
     Possessive pronoun      Possessive adjective
(c) I have mine.                  I have my pen
(d) You have yours.            You have your pen
(e) She has hers.                  She has her pen
(f) He has his.                      He has his pen
(g) We have ours.                We have our pen
(h) They have theirs.             They have their pens
(i)                                       I have a book. Its cover is black.
A possessive pronoun is used alone, without a noun following it
A possessive adjective is used only with a noun following it:
Incorrect: I have mine pen
Incorrect: I have my
Compare its vs. it’s
(j) Sue gave me a book. I don’t remember its title
(k) Sue gave me a book. It’s a novel
In (j): its (NO apostrophe) is a possessive adjective modifying the noun title
In (k): it’s (with an apostrophe) is a contraction of it + is.
Compare their vs. there vs., they’re
(l) The students have their books
(m) My books are over there
(n) Where are the students? They’re in the class
Their, there, they’re have the same pronunciation, but not the same meaning.
Their = possessive adjective, as in (l)
There = an expression of place, as in (m)
They’re = they are, as in (n)

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Possessive nouns

Personal Pronoun:
Subject pronoun: I    we    you   they   he she   it
Object pronoun: me   us   you    them him her it
(a) Kate is married. She has two children
(b) Kate is my friend. I know her well
(c) Mikehas a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday.
A pronoun refers to a noun.
In (a): she is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
In (b): her is a pronoun; it refers to Kate
She is a subject pronoun, her is an object pronoun.
(d) Eric and I are good friends.
(e) Ann met Eric and me at the museum
(f) Ann walked between Eric and me
Guidelines for using pronouns following and: if the pronoun is used a part of the subject, use a subject pronoun as in (d). If it part of the object, use an object pronoun, as in (e) and (f).
Incorrect: Eric and me are good friends
Incorrect: Ann met Eric and I at the museum.
Singular pronoun: I   me   you   he, she, it       him, her
Plural pronoun:    we us   you      they                them
(g) Mike is in class. He is taking a test
(h) The students are in class. They are taking a test.
(i) Kate and Tom married. They have two children.
Singular = one. Plural= more than one. Singular pronouns refer to singular nouns, plural pronouns to plural nouns, as in the examples.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Using adjectives to describe nouns

                             ADJ      NOUN
(a) Bob is reading a good book.
Words that describe noun are called adjectives. In (a): good is an adjective, it describes the book.
(b) The tall woman wore a new dress
(c) The short women wore an old dress.
(d) The young women wore a short dress.
We say that adjectives “modify” nouns. “Modify” means “change a little”. An adjective changes the meaning of a noun by giving more information about it.
(e) Roses are beautiful flower
Incorrect: roses are beautifuls flower.
Adjectives are neither singular nor plural. They do not have a plural form.
(f) He wore a white shirt
Incorrect: he wore a shirt white.
(g) Roses are beautiful
(h) His shirt was white
Adjectives usually come immediately before nouns, as in (f).
Adjectives can also follow main verb be, as in (g) and (h)

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Subject-verb agreement

    Singular     Singular
(a) The sun   shines
  Plural     Plural
(b) Birds sing
A singular subject takes a singular verb, as in (a). A plural subject takes a plural verb, as in (b).
Notice: verb+ -s = singular (shines)
Noun + -s = plural (birds)
       Singular           Singular
(c) My brother lives in Jakarta
                  Plural                      Plural
(d) My brother and sister live in Jakarta
Two subjects connected by and take a plural verb, as in (d)
(e) The glasses over there under the window by the sink are clean
(f) The information in those magazines about Vietnamese culture and custom is very interesting
Sometimes phrases come between a subject and a verb. These phrases do not affect the agreement of the subject and verb.
          V             S
(g) There is a book on the desk
           V                      S
(h) There are some books on the desk
There + be + subject expresses that something exist in a particular place. The verb agrees with a noun that follows be.
(i) Every student is sitting down
(j) Everybody/everyone hopes for peace
Every is singular word. It is used with a singular, not plural, noun.
Incorrect: every students…..
Subjects with every takes singular verb, as in (i) and (j)
(k) People in my country are friendly.
People is a plural noun and takes a plural verb.

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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Prepositions of time

  IN
(a) Please be on time in the future
(b) I usually watch TV in the evening
(c) I was born in October
(d) I was born in 1985
(e) I was born in the twentieth century.
(f) The weather is hot in (the) summer.
In + the past, the present, the future.
In + the morning, the afternoon, the evening
In + (a month, a year, a century, a season)
ON
(g) I was born on October 31, 1985
(h) I went to a movie on Thursday
(i) I have class on Thursday morning(s).
On + date
On + a weekday
On + a weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
AT
(j) We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight.
(k) I fell asleep at 9:30 (nine-thirty)
(l) He’s busy at present. Please call again.
At + noon, night, midnight
At + “clock time”
At + present, the moment, the present time.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Obejects of prepositions

        S    V          O   prep    O of prep
(a) Ann put her books on the desk
                                            (Noun)
      S       V prep          O of prep
(b) a leaf fell to the ground.
                             (Noun)
Many English sentences have prepositional phrases. In (a): on the desk is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a Preposition (prep) and an Object of a Preposition (O of Object).  is a noun. The Object of a Preposition is a NOUN.
Reference List of Prepositions:
About, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at
Before, behind. Below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by
Despite, down, during,
For, from
In, into
Like, near,
Of, off, on, out, over
Since,
Through, throughout, till, to, toward(s)
Under, until, up, upon
With, within, without.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - Plural forms of nouns

(a) Singular: one bird, one street, one rose
Plural: two birds, two streets, two roses
To make most nouns plural, add -s
(b) Singular: one dish, one match, one class, one box
Plural: two dishes, two matches, two classes, two boxes
Add -es to nouns ending in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -x
(c) Singular: one baby, one city
Plural: two babies, two cities
(d) Singular: one toy, one key
Plural: two toys, two keys
If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the y to i and add -es, as in ( c)
If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only -s, as in (d).
(e)  Singular: one knife, one shelf
Plural: two knives, two shelves
(f) Singular: one tomato, one zoo, one zero
Plural: two tomatoes, two zoos, two zeros/zeroes
The plural of nouns that end in  -o is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
-oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes
-os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, phoyos, autos, videos.
-oes or -es: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadors/tornados, mosquitoes/mosquotos
(g) Singular: one child, one foot, one goose, one man, one mouse, one tooth, one woman
Plural: two children, two feet, two geese, two men, two mice, two teeth, two women, two people
Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (note: the singular form of people can be person, woman, man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people)
(h) Singular: one deer, one fish, one sheep, one offspring, one specirs
Plural: two deer, two fish, two sheep, two offspring, two species
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
(i) Singular: one  bacterium, one cactus, one crises, one phenomena
Plural: two bacteria, two cacti, two crises, two phenomena.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other language have foreign plurals.