Expressing possibility: may and might. Permission: may and can

(a) It may rain tomorrow
(b) It might rain tomorrow
(c) A: why isn’t john in class?
B: I don’t know. He (may/might) be sick today
May and might express possibility in the present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).
(d) It may not rain tomorrow
(e) It might not rain tomorrow
Negative: may not and might not. (Do not contract May and might with not)
(f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Compare
(g) Maybe John is sick (adverb)
(h) John may be sick (verb)
In (f) and (g): maybe spelled as one word) is an adverb. It means “possibly.” It comes at the beginning of  sentence. Incorrect: it will maybe rain tomorrow
In (h): may be (two words) is a verb form: the auxiliary may + the main verb be. Incorrect: John maybe sick.
(i) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner
(j) Okay, kids, you can have a coke after dinner.
May is also used to give permission, as in (i).  Often can is used to give permission, too as in (j).
(i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal that can.
(k) You may not have a cookie. You can’t have a cookie
May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission (i.e., to say “no”)

Modals to Expressing ability: can and could

(a) Bob can play the piano
(b) You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store
(c) I can meet you at Ted’s tomorrow afternoon.
Can expresses ability in the present or future
(d) I (can’t/cannot/can not) understand that sentence
The negative form of can may be written can’t, cannot, or can not
(e) Our son could walk when he was one year old.
The past form of can is could
(f) He couldn’t walk when he was six months old
The negative of could: couldn’t or could not
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The form of modal auxiliaries

The verbs listed below are Called “modal auxiliaries.” They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity etc.). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.
Auxiliary + the simple form of a verb
Can (a) Olga can speak English
Could (b) He couldn’t come to class
May (c) It may rain tomorrow
Might (d) It might rain tomorrow
Should (e) Mary should study harder
Had better (f) I had better study tonight
Must (g) Joe must see a doctor today
Will (h) I will be in class tomorrow
Would (i) Would you please close the door?
Can, could, may, might, should, had better, must, will, and would are immediately followed by the simple form of a verb.
- They are not followed by to. Incorrect: Olga can to speak English
- The main verb does not have a final –s. Incorrect: Olga can speaks English
- The main verb is not in past form. Incorrect: Olga can spoke English
- The main verb is not its –ing form. Incorrect: Olga can speaking English
Auxiliary + to + the simple form of a verb
Have to (j) I have to study tonight
Have got to (k) I have got to study tonight
Ought to (l) Kate ought to study harder
To + the simple form is used with these auxiliaries have to, have got to, and ought to.

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Summary of forms of other

               Adjective                      Pronoun
Singular   another apple                 another
Plural       other apples                  others
Singular   The other apple             the other
Plural       The other apples            the others
Notice that the word others (other + final –s) is used only a plural pronouns.

Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)

Other(s)
There are many apples in Paul’s kitchen. Paul is holding one apple.
(a) There are other    apples in a bowl
              (Adjective) + (Noun)
(b) There are other    ones on a plate
                 (Adjective) + (Ones)
(c) There are others on a chair.
                   (Pronoun)
Other(s) (without the) means “several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.” The adjective other (without an –s) can be used with a plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word ones.
Others (with an –s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
In (c): others=other apples.
The other(s)
There are four on the table. Paul is going to take one of them.
(d) Sara is going to take the other apples.
                                  (Adjective) + (Noun)
(e) Sara is going to take the other ones
                                  (Adjective) + (Ones)
(f) Sara is going to take the others
                                          (Pronoun)
The other(s) means “the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar items.”
The other (without an –s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones, as in (d) and (e).
The others (with an –s) is a plural pronoun: it is not used with a noun.
In (f): the others=the other apples.